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SINGLE-MALE ORIENTED MIGRATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN HOWRAH, 1874-1947
1
Author(s):
INDRAJEET YADAV
Vol - 9, Issue- 3 ,
Page(s) : 245 - 248
(2018 )
DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMST
Abstract
Human beings use to migrate from one place to another in search of employment. In colonial period the modern industries were set up in different part of India. In this period the two banks of the river Hooghly near Calcutta and Howrah witnessed the clustering of the jute manufacturing industry. The opportunities of employment and sustenance increased in that region. People from different parts of the country started to move towards the nascent industrial belt of Calcutta- Howrah. The industrial migration in Howrah was characterised with the single-male oriented migration. Especially,
- A. Mitra, District Handbooks Howrah, Census 1951, West Bengal, Alipore, WBGP, 1953, p. xvi.
- L. S.S.O’Malley & Monmohan Chakravarti, Bengal District Gazetteer: Howrah, WBDG, Kolkata, SP, 2013, p. 31.
- Samita Sen, Women and Labour in Late Colonial India: The Bengal Jute Industry, UK, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 29.
- Ashok Mitra, Implications of Declining Sex Ratio in India’s Population, ICSSR, Programmes of Women’s Studies- I, 1979, pp. 32-34 and 84.
- Personal Interview with Bharat Ram and Nand Kumar Singh- two old and second generation workers of the HMCL, (Interview was taken on19.10.2016).
- Report on an Enquiry into Conditions of Labour in the Jute Mill Industry in India, by S.R. Deshpande, Delhi, The Manager of Publications, 1946, p. 30.
- Personal Interview with Bharat Ram and Nand Kumar Singh- two old and second generation workers of the HMCL, (Interview was taken on 19.10.2016).
- Report of the Royal Commission on Labour in India, London, His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1931, p. 16.
- Samita Sen, op. cit., p. 91.
- J.H. Kelman, Labour in India: a study of the conditions of Indian women in Modern industry, London, George Allen Unwin, 1923, p. 89.
- Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Mahesh, Sarat Rachana Samagra, vol. II, Calcutta, Puja Prakashani, 2002, pp. 847-854.
- Report on an Enquiry into Conditions of Labour in the Jute Mill Industry in India, by S.R.Deshpande, Delhi, The Manager of Publications, Government of India, 1946, p. 8.
- Samita Sen, op. cit., p. 91.
- Arjan de Haan, Migration and Livelihoods in Historical Perspective: a Case Study of Bihar, Routledge, published online on 29 March 2010, p. 134.
- Ibid.
- W.W. Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal, Hugli & Howrah, vol.III, part-II,(originally published by Trubner & Co., London,1876) WBDG, Calcutta, 1997, p. 54.
- A. Mitra, op. cit., p. xvi.
- O’Malley & Chakravarti, op. cit., pp. 30-31.
- Ibid.
- A. Mitra, op. cit., p. xvi.
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