Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. In India around 70% of the population earns its livelihood from agriculture. It fulfils the basic need of human beings and animals. It is an important source of raw material for many agro based industries. India’s geographical condition is unique for agriculture because it provides many favourable conditions. There are plain areas, fertile soil, long growing seasons and wide variation in climatic conditions etc. Apart from unique geographical conditions, India has been making innovative efforts by using science and technology to enhance production. The present paper discusses various types of farming and cropping patterns and then tends to establish their relationship with various geographical factors. It also discusses some of the major crops, issues and challenges in Indian Agriculture.